Electric measuring and calibrating method



0. A. KNOPP. ELECTRIC MEASURING AND CALIBRATING METHOD.

' APPLICATION FILED NOV. 20, I916.

1 372 21 o Patented Mar. 29, 1921.

aoooonoo'aoooooo cooooooqoo oooo INVENTOR;

A TTORNE Y.

MEASURING 312) GALIBEATIEEG- Specificetiozi. of Letters Peb'em. 555 13 1 M 29 319 -11 Application filled lievember 2Q, 1913. Serial 3%. 135.42%

l (all whom 2 may concern it known that T, (Firm KNOW citizen er the Unit-ed. Steins, siding in the eiiy i @ilkiillid, enmity of Alameda, and. Smite of California lieve'mecle a new and jiseful inreri 'ei1"ue wit limpro'vemenzs l i eaeuring Geiibreiing .110. i do declare 531E following; to

60113186 and descripmi the annexed '1 Ti (llilh'ln e tie lnreiimen is iiiusirated 111 the tiered to the best, but it is to n i. r 'tood the": the invention is nor,

nveniion are to .e epperzit 1: rates ampereie cts (if this ring ammeeers, voltmeters,

he one sheer of drawings:

'ure 1 is :l wirin die ram illustrzii-in i. i h fine ii eihod e1: measuring mid preportieimig amperage i'or res-Ming aimneters in accord ance with this invention.

1i ciiagramznefiie a circular zl-lizlllQjtineilll for uniform relation between primary and seeonzlary windings.

is (a modificaiion 0f the same il.lu's

3113C 8016. is an similar view illustrating the Cress section (if ehell type core Fig. illustia'es a further inechheatien of the ivindiiig adaptable to eibher the core type" or shell type 0i core.

(3 a. similar View to 1 appl cable in \mitme'zers.

Fig. '7 is a similar. \iew of the same 21ppliczlhle to voltiiietere 'io measure such electric quantities, calih zitin scale or check 51 ch iiietruments iii ihe "g resent time, it IS wratenmry to provide 1i great number of expensive standards and k ep all ihese shindarrls :iccurnie htail. times. il'il h this nix-cation 1%: will he posz-z'hle 0 reduce the equipment 01 measuringcalibrating H1. lIUKHB'lliIS to one Until l fur each electrical unit; that 1 F in the "e-lmur meters, Watt-hour transfermer, illustrating the (me amineter, one voltmeter, one were .,.iei;er, one watt-hour meter and. one ampere hour rte beiig made possible wirh. eeeli these insiruinents to meaeure any are 01 fraction of time ferring; in Fig. which diagramrepresents 1311 new apparatus and iiCzllJiQIll represents the me name, 3 represents the rhe0- mg the current C drawn from -i. This curren'a C enters a E, which of the transformer ms the current G into a current secondary winding G. This current is measured by an auxiliary meter H. The curren; Q after leaving the windings; D passes through the staiidarcl meter 1 and the meter under test 371 and return we the source A. The wind-- i113 D 021 ihe iz'allS'fOlDlQl E is made up e. speeiei "winding with hips 0 sections of di ferei urrent capacities, starting with small Wire and gradually increusing in certain steps t0 transfer :1 hirpge sized Wire, it i a well known fact thab a current C is sent through one turn 0f the Winding DI or two iurns or three turns, 01' :1: turns, we

obtain in i he seconda y Winding 3- portion of the winding G. or D to which the meter may be connected values 0i.

eurrenrs which are in ,ropertieii to the original current one to two, one to three one four, ene to Further if the current C changed reciproe: lly to the number of turns, or sent tirough the winding D iil'ie current (1, which for one turn ie one for i 1 turns one-half, -for three turns onethirch for .1? turns 1/1 We obtain in the secondary \vimiing' G the same eurrenfi fimv ii :11! eases and this fact is mantle the fenndatiun of the new measuring instru ment and ('niihruliiig apparatus.

First, ii, for instance, we want tdmeusure ihc certain unknown current C, fimvi w from its source A. which lets the current into the Winding 3, set on a certain mp; We all give the am;- iliary nieccr ii any desired eupncity. this u nar-iii) changing in ratio reciprocal to the number of LUZHS out into the circuit of the 7 gr we have the lever L,

'With precision to any desired amount required. For calibrating or scaling this ammeter K the procedure is as follows: The current C isregulated to make a preliminary setting of the auxiliary meter H by holding a fixed amount on the standard I,

lie

causing the auxiliary meter to show a certain reading, which depends on the particular setting of the lever L, and the particular connection being made to the secondary winding G or any portion of the windng's G or Dtaps being provided on this secondary winding or primary windings, so as to bring the value of the current F to such a magnitude as to be readable on the auxiliary meter H, with the high-- est possible degree of accuracy. If we now change the lever setting L and regulate simultaneously the current C on the rheostat B, so that the auxiliary meter H reads exactly the same value as before, we will have changed our current C in a certain ratio reciprocal to the change in the number of those turns through which the current C passes between the lever setting,L and the end of the winding D. It has been. found by calculation that it is possible to find a suitable number of turns which can be employed so that the above mentioned reciprocals of turns of these sections will give all the current values required for commercial testing.

All commercial instruments, have fifteen or less calibration points; in other words, 150 or less divisions, inmost cases 150 or 100. If it is desired to. 'vide a current value in or 10 parts, it -requires a winding D. 'on the transformer E, whose number of turns are divisible by' all the values from 15 down to 1.,

It is obvious that a number which can be divided by all these numbers will be very large. It would be diliicult to build such a transformer which would be of any practical value. It has been found necessary, in order to remain Within practical limits, to obtain the full calibration of 15 point instruments, by making two or three ditlerent settings from the standard l To give a concrete sample for the winding of practical dimensions, assume a 5 ampere standard necessarily correct only on one point, say the ampere point. H a current G of 5 amperes, as indicated by the standard I is sent through a section of the winding D, of say 360 turns, and cut the whole secondary winding G of the transformer E, of say 360 turns, across the auxiliary amnieter H, we obtain a current F of a little less than 5 amperes, flowing through the auxiliary meter H. If we now out out one half of the turns in the primary winding G by the lever L, by moving to the next tap, we will have to double the current C exactly; that is, cause 10 ainperes to How through the circuit A, B, D, L, I, K, A, in order to make the auxiliary meter H read the same value, and if the meter under test K is an ammeter, of say, 150 amperes :apacity, it will deflect to the lowest calibration mark of 1/15 of full scale, or ten divisions. If we cut out another section of the winding so that the 90 turns remain in circuit we will have to regulate the current to double the value again; that is, 20 amperes exactly, in. order to make the auxiliary meter H read the same again, and so on. It may be noted that after raising the current C above 5 amperes the standard I is short circuitedby means of the switch M, or removed entirely. With 60 turns out in we obtain the 30 ampere point, with 45 turns out in we obtain the 40 ampere point, with 36 turns cut in we obtain the 50 ampere point, with 30 turns out in we obtain the 60 ampere point. The 7 O and 80 ampere points cannot be obtained. The ampere point is obtained with QOturns cut in, the ampere point is obtained with 18 turns out in, the 110 point cannot be obtained, the 120 ampere point is obtained with 15 turns out in, the 130 and 140 ampere points cannot be obtained, the 150 ampere point is obtained with 12 hi, ut in. In order now to calibrate the r ning points we obtain a new setting with our standard by setting the lever- L on a tap. of 36st turns ho1di5 amperes on the'standard I and read again the auxiliary meter H. By holding this same reading on the auxiliary meter H, withthe'following lever setting, cutting in, respectively, 26, 14 and 13 turns We obtain the current value of 70 amperes 130 amperes, 140 amperes respectively. To obtain the balance we holdthe standard I on 5 amperes again with the lever setting, cutting in 352 turns, note the reading on the auxiliary meter H and change the lever setting so as to cut in 22 turns and 16 turns and change the current, respectively, to exactly 80 and 110 ampercs,-by'holding the auxiliary meter H on the newreading. It canbe seen that by means the single accurate value, in this case 5 amperes, we calibrate a 150 ampere meter over its full scale,

In order to get a calibration on smaller meters, ofsay 100 amperes, the pro- "lures are identi al. The auxiliary meter is left connected to the same taps of the windings of the transformer E. The calibr ition is carried only from 10 up to 100 points in 10 successive steps. The 75 ampere ammeter can be calibrated in 15 equal steps in thefollowing simple manner: The setting for the auxiliary meter H is taken with the lever setting L, corresponding to double that held on the standard I; in other words, on a tap which cuts half as many turns in circuit f the current U7 compared with the previous setting when calibrating the 15b and 100 ampere meters. The auxiliary meter H gets its current F from the winding G by connecting to a different tap of this Winding so as U bring its reading again to approximatel the same point as before. This is the case i about hall the number of turns are cut in or about 180. 'l..is l ampere tap, or 180 turn point, tapped by the lever L is also always our first calibration gioin't on any scale of any ammeter; that is, the it division point and it will give on our meter under test K, it we hold on the auxiliary meter ll the just determined setting, our first calibration point of amperes, which on 75 amperes meters is the divisioncalibration point. If. We continue to proceed as described for the calibration of the 150 ampere ammeter, We will advance now in 5 ampere steps against 10 ampere steps before, and in steps of 5 amperes we have covered the full scale of a ampere mete. A 50 ampere meter can be calibrated in the same fashion, only advancing, instead of to 75, to 50 amperes in 10 steps,-a 5O ampere meter having a division scale with 10 calibration points. A 30 ampere ammeter being 1/ 5 of the capacity of the 150 ampere meter, also divided into 150 divisions, can be :calibrated by getting a setting for the auxiliary meter H, and hold the current C at 5 amperes by means of the standard l, but with a lever setting L to cut in '72 turns or 1/5 the turns out in when calibrating the 150 ampere ammeter, then every calibrating value'w-ill be 1/5, and so on. It can be readily seen by carrying this method farther we can calibrate ammetcrs of smaller and smaller capacity, by simpl putting our standard with the lever setting ll so that less and less turns are cut in, thus making each oi the 15 calibrating steps smaller and smaller, theauxiliary meter for each group of ammeters is preferably changed to a corresponding tap so as to brin; the reading up to a high value, which can no road with accurzuzy.

To sum up, we can; with this transformer, first give an auxiliary irf'tcr any capacity, thus measure currents with equal accuracy,

of large values and small values; second, by means of one given 5 ampere value or any other current value, calibrate or lay down any other current values quired on any commercial instrument with the same accuracy, with which this original reference point or standardvaluc. was laid down the accuracy of the transformer E or that of the auxiliary meter H does not enter into the problem. To make this latter assertion hold absolutely correct, the winding D has to be so arranged that tor equal ampere turns each consecutive section has exactly the same effect in regard to producing the current F in the winding Ga it, therefore, has been foundv necessery'to arthe winding D so that each added section has its eometric center or center of effect at the same distance from the secondary winding G?- This has been found and can be accomplished on a circulart ans former core by winding the secondary winding G, Fig. 2, evenly around the circular core E and the primary winding D is wound over the winding G in such a manner that each section is spread uniformly over the whole circle, the geometric center of eiiect of each section being at the same point; that is, the center point of the circle. For a core type transformer core, see Fig". 3, its secondary winding G is wound again close to the core and the different sections of the primary winding D are wound as shown so that the geometric center of the cross section of each sec tion falls upon parallel line m; that each section. has the same width U, but irregular height V. The same arrange ment is made for the shell type core, shown in Fig.4. A third arrange ent applicable to core and shell type transformer is to wind each section in two parts, 1 and 2, see Fig. 5. arranged that in one coil the part is near the secondary and in the other coil farther from the secondary; by connecting the sec- 'tions as in diagran'i 5, half section a, with half section (1. and half section b, with half section b, and half section 0 with half section and so on, we can make the centers oi effect of all full sections avu and b?) and c-c fall on the same point. To make the eil'ect upon the secondary alike for all sections as in the first two arrangements, it is necessary to wind the sections of the secondary so that each section spreads over, the whole winding length.

in calibrating ammeters it is, of course, understood that the auxiliary meter and. the slandaid are also ammeters. \Vhen calibrating wattmeters each oi' these instruments is a wailmctcr, and in case the instrument lo be calibrated is a wat -hour meter. the an. iliary is also a watt-hour meter; whereas. the standard is ireicrably a wattmetcnas the Each part is in a difi'erent coil so Ililil Milli scale which can be read with accuracy.

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time or hours are not entering into the calibration of the watt-hour meter, it being; made the same for both by starting and stopping them together after running them a given period of time as measured by a suitable timing device. It is also to be understood that in case of wattmeterspr watthour meter work, all three instruments are connected to a common potential, preferably taken from the same source A, see Fig. 6.

To calibrate voltmeters after the alcove method proceed as per Fig 7. A variable voltage source is provided at A to which are connected. in parallel the standard I the meter under test K and also a. section of the primary winding D of the transformer E. This voltage A. by means of this transformer E is thus transformed to another potential, which causes the auxiliary meter H to deflect to the suitable point on the First. To measure different voltages of the source A, use the auxiliary meter H and vary its range by tapping the winding with the lever ll at dill'erent points, thus providing a multiple range voltage measuring apparatus. Second. This apparatus can be used for calibrating any commercial. voltmeter l; by means of a single voltage standard 1 providing only one accurate voltage point reference point, similar to the previously described method "for proportioni11;, ampercs and Watts. l or example, we have a standard l, which gives 100 volts and we want to calibrate a 100 volt voltmeter, hav-- ing 10 calibration points. 3y bringing the Variable voltage A by means of rhcostat ll up to a point so that the standard reads 100 volts, we move the lover L to apply the voltage across 1000 turns of the winding D,-auxiliary voltmeter ll. being connected to a suitable section on the winding G or D so as to get a suitable reading on same. It the lever if is moved so that the voltage A is supplied to 000 turns it will be neces-' sary to bring the voltage exactly down to 90 volts, in order to make the auxiliary meter ll read the same; in other words, to secure 90 volt calibration point for the meter li f. If we continue moving the lever to 800 turns, 700 turns, 600 turns, etc, we will have to apply voltage of 80, 70, 00, etc., giving all the points required for the calibration or checking or scaling of the voltmeter K. The same" procedure will have to be followed to calibrate a 150 volt voltmeter. The setting" of the meter ll remains the same. All that is necessary is to get 5 additional lever settings at M0, M20, 130 and 140 turn points.

To calibrate, for instance, a 500 volt voltmeter instead ot a. 100 volt volt meter, we get the setting for the auxiliary meter H on a tap so as to embrace 5 times less turns than before and read the auxiliary meter;

that is, apply standard voltage out 100 volts, inst adto 1000 turns, to 200 turns. The auxili. :y meter in that case being tapped across another suitable section of the winding G so as to deflect it to a proper deflection, the points previously used for calibrat 1g the 100 volt voltmeter will give 5 times as high voltage, thus providing calibration points "for a 500 volt voltmeter. To calibrate a 230 volt voltmeter, apply the standard 100 vol. on tap 5 times as high; that is, across 5000 turns instead of 1000, which will give 5 timeslower voltage for the taps previously used for the 100 volt voltmeter. .lt can be seen that in order to make the ratios obtained for the voltages applied to the winding sections of winding ll exactly equal the ratio changes in turns secured by the lever L, which taps this winding D, we have to be sure that for each consecutive tap the counter E. M. Ffs or back E. M. l 'ls stay always in the same fixed ratio to the impressed E. M. Fds, or internal E. M. F.s. To secure the same ratio changes; that is, that the internal E. M. l .s change in the same proportion as the impressed E. M. l ds, it is necessary to observe a, strict rule in dimensioning the winding namely, that the resistances from the beginning of winding to any tap are proportional exactly to the square of the turns, because for constant loss we must have the square of the clectromotive force divided, by the resistance equal to a constant, or the" square of the electromotive force propor-. tional to the resistance and, as the electromotive force is proportional to the number of turns, we have the resistance proportional to the square of the number of turns. This rule will hold good for both potential and current transformers, both being essentially alike. The current transformer transforms relatively large currents and very small potentials, and the potential transformer relatively large potentials and small currents. The only dillicre'nce is that for potential transformers the'above rule has to be ad-' hered to very closely to get the proper accuracy oi measurement; whereas for current transformers this rule does not effect the accuracy but only the mechanical and economical features of the design; that is, it guarantees an equality of losses for all the ranges and minimum loss, and consequently minimum dimensions for the apparatus as a whole.

A. fin-then application of the aforesaid calibrating transformer is the use of same for calibrating other tansformers of, different ratios, the apparatus in this case acting as a multiple ratio transformer, each step in the primary being equivalent to one certain capacity transformer. The ratio of each of these possesses the same accuracy. lly the use oi one of the lower capacity steps Whese the is 1:1. is is p0 termine the cafiic cerre'ctien comparing the primary against the secondary current, done Wiill substeneieiiy equei curiien a high aiegi'ee sf accuracy, wit illg upon the accuracy 0 by any of the many cum that by cit-her epp two current" oy noting; meters against us ehrougi both mete or by 11112. eive difference of netei subjected 5o chi, primary curreniif These We c 3 are suppose i. be eqi words the devietien from b, e eeus; these two quantifies wiii be the (JOQHHWB correction-155cm? eppiiceiuie t0 eii mt-ice. irlilel' woi'cis, if the suppeseci reti e 1:1 by comparing primary against sece" 1 3r is found to ice oii 1% e11 ratios the oeiiei in the pi'imeiy c be off the same amount. The-ref 7 psfntus is available, mentioned. before. s muitiple stsndarci for desired i'e cic Within the limits of its defil fia Wiles I am claiming is than is less heyeizofore been impossible by use of iumeni; trsiisiorniers to proves, iimi pert able, Eif-601ilaild measuring with a large number cf ranges tier sen that sii instrument iisiiisfeiiners he? fore have been buiii, eingie ,1 oniy, e. 1 multiple range, this'was done by putting ii multiple or multiple series the primary ceiis, which method is very complicated for more than 'iWO or three ranges Fm sea-more,

40 each transformer Wes buiis and sd usteii so as to transform, in a, fixed rstie. Lhi cam not be accomplished cones? any transformer over a large range midi 0113.37 proximsteiy by. making the transformer heavy and bulky. v' fith the new prepesed arrangement, combining the transformer with the instatement then Winding it, s0 as be make iihe irensformsiion error er devisiion 0f the some} tiensfermation reio ihe supposed ratio 2, constant ameuniz of per,- cei 'tsge, ifs is pessibie to absorb the erros in the scale of ihe instrument resulting in a very small light Weightconsiaiiiction. Previously the instrument transfermer would Weigh five '60 ten eimes as much as the portable instrument, new it wiii Weigh five fie izen fiimes less than the "Instrument. other worcis it can readily be mounted inside the standard instrument cease. reason for the lighter Wigili; is the fact that for muli1ipie range instrument-s theessenitiei is to have v all ranges respond to the same scale irrespective of the transformation error. The transformation error can therefere be Kept large and through two elements of a, cemperm x L may isig 520111 111 Weigm 1 tied oi procergioning eiecixi'ic iing of passing av current oi:

ciissgmg ""Hlel through in i; the cement vsiuesnci l seceion o: ci'eiisioiciiii-zd em; 7

, ie meiiiod of eiect cie meters i: in psssmg a curl-em; oi imewn "If; whirling in inder test; passing frem the iiz-iii i'onner through an chem if; tiirm grime-A3 Windiiig; so thee; Lhe sz me rent Wiii flew ih'mugii said rd meeei c eiecei-ie metes consisting in psesiiig c em; iiireugii a standard eeee'i; thi'eugii e mete wide; ise

p a tease? .;i

iced cuitcenb formed current i standard; then eii end. it three, r said primary Winding smi through said meter wide? tesi'setiiet the same formed 'curi'ent'a Wiii flow ihrcugh said meaty meter.

The mew'ziied oi ceiibretii snsfoimei" ing device and mating the effects (if the cue rent on said @We eiemenbs, piecing ene 0f v said. elements in circuit with the seconder Winciing and passing e current through ililQ selected. number of fiurns of the pifimagy winding to produce the same effect as previously on the element remaining in the pi'imsry circui noting the eiiecfi of iiie currem: orfthe element the seconds-1y biscuit and comparing the (iifif'eiiences in the effects on said latter element. I

5. method of calibrating transformer TZLiJlOS, which comprises ceusmg currents to flew 'Zhrough subscsntisiiy equal number of turns of the primary and secondary circuii g device, eiemem': being in each circui",

and-noting the difference in the effects of the currents on the two elements and passing a current substantially the same as that which obtained in the primary circuit through both elements of the comparing device and noting the difference in the effect of said current on the two elements and then determininp the ratio ot' every one of the ranges of. the transformer from the turn ratio and the difference in the above mentioned differences.

(5. The method of measuring electric currents of widely different magnitudes with a measuring instrumenthaving a limited cur rent range which is different from the range of the currents to be measured, which comprises passing the current through such a portion of a continuous transformer Winding Whichis of less magnitude than the Whole Winding that the relation of the number of turns of the portion to the number of turns in the secondary circuit is such as to cause the secondary current to make a large scale deflection on'the instrument connected in the secondary circuit and to provide a definite, predetermined transformer ratio, measuring the current produced in the secondary circuit with said instrument and multiplying the magnitude of the measured current by the said predetermined transformer ratio. 1

7. The method of measuring electric currents of Widely different magnitudes with a measuring instrument having a limited current range Which is diii'erent from the range of currents to be measured, which comprises connecting the instrument in the secondary circuit of a transformer having a plurality of taps in its primary circuit, each/tap re resenting a predetermined transformer ratio, connecting one current lead to one end of the transformer primary circuit and moving the other lead over the taps until the instrument gives a large scale reading and multiplying the reading by the predetermined trans former ratio employed. I

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand at San Francisco, California, this 11th day of November, 1916.

OTTO A. KNOPP. In presence of- BALDWIN Vern, A. J. HENRY; 

